Case Study Essay Example for Free

Case Study EssayWe open a couple in their mid forties. Christopher works in the media and earns $135,000 p. a. before SGC and salary sacrifices an extra $10,000 p. a. His wife Anne works in IT and earns $145,000 p. a. before SGC and also salary sacrifices an extra $10,000 p. a. Next month Anne is to receive a bonus of $15,000 which she is planning to contribute to super as a concessional contribution. They bought their home 2 yrs ago with a mortgage of $1,250,000. The home is now cost ,450,000. The mortgage is a standard principle and interest loan over 25 eld and costs them $7,491 per month. They have four children a 19 year old, a 16 year old, a 14 year old and a 10 year old. The three youngest go to a private educate costing $60,000 p. a. There are 4 destinations in the year and the fees are due at the beginning of each term. A new term commences next month. The 19 year old is apprenticed to a local restaurant and is training as a chef. He earns $16,500 p. a. before SGC and works an norm of 120 hours per month and goes to college.Christopher and Anne have their own Self Managed Superfund. Christopher has $175,000 in the fund and it is invested in cash. Anne has $180,000 in the fund and it is invested in a listed debenture issued by XYZ Ltd, a large property development company. Over the years Christopher and Anne have tried to diversify and have the following investments 3 years ago they employ a margin loan of $135,000 to purchase 90,000 $2 shares in a newly listed mining company. Unfortunately in the last day or so the shares have fallen in value and are now only worth $1. 0 each.The mining company does not pay a dividend. 4 years ago they purchased, as joint tenants, an apartment/unit for $450,000 by way of a Line of Credit for $450,000 at 5. 45% p. a. The unit is managed by an agentive role and they receive $500 per week as rent. The agent has told them it is now worth $585,000. When Christophers father died 4 years ago Christopher inherited $35,000 which he used to purchase a listed debenture. The debenture pays 6. 5% p. a. on a quarterly basis and matures in exactly 12 months time.The current market for the debenture is 5. 75%. They have a joint savings account with $5,000 for emergencies. He has a savings account for $7,000. They have 3 personal loans Payout of $29,196 9. 00% p. a. 4 years to maturity. No early termination fee. Payout of $11,902 8. 25% p. a. 2 years to maturity. No early termination fee. Payout of $6,705 8. 65% p. a. 1 year to maturity. $550 early termination fee. Their credit circuit card has an outstanding amount of $35,560 with a maximum of $40,000 and they make the minimum payment of 3. %.They are concerned that although they feel they should be doing better the credit card keeps acquiring worse each month and that schools fees are due for next term and they do not know where the money will come from. Annes generate has asked Anne to be executor of her will. The mother has been diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumour and has been told that towards the end she will not be able to communicate. Both David and Jennifer have wills they executed prior to their marriage. neither has been married before.

The cult of Stalin Essay Example for Free

The cult of Stalin EssayIs in that location sufficient evidence in solutions A to F to relieve wherefore there was an anti- action movement in the US during the late 1960s and early 1970s? The anti- contend movement in the US during the late sixties and early s even come outties was a number of independent interests that had allied together, because of their common interest of being against the war in Vietnam. The types of people who protested varied greatly, such as people at college campuses, bourgeoisie suburbs, labour unions, and government institutions, there were many different types of protest and many different reasons for people from all racial and cultural tailgrounds protesting. Draft Burning was superstar important type of protest this was done by thousands of conscript subject men in the United States, to press out to the American government that they werent expiration to go war in Vietnam. A Draft was the document that told Americans they had been conscr ipted to go and fight, many thousands of Americans would burn these in the tracks as a protest to the Government against the war. at that place were hundreds street protests throughout the war by Americans from all walks of spirit, despite racial tensions blacks and whites and people from different course of actiones banded together to show the authority what Americans really felt towards the war.There were also thousands of letters, phone calls and confrontations with the American Government to persuade them to stop the war. Many of the independent groups had their own reasons for disagreeing with the war in Vietnam, and so there is great prescience to why an anti-war movement on such a scale began. One of the main reasons is the role of the media during the Vietnam War. Most homes in the sixties owned televisions and some even colour televisions, so the war could be seen by nearly all Americans daily.There were no restrictions on the media during Vietnam as there are today so shocking images and reinvigoratedsreel could be sent back home for Americans to see. Americans saw devastating images of stone-dead Vietnamese, dead and injured American G. I. s, refugees, injured civilians etc. For example the My Lai thrashing on the 16th March 1968 horrified the world as people found that the Americans were the cause of a 350-500 casualty massacre of unarm Vietnamese civilians. tour Whybro The war was proving to be a heavy drain on manpower and casualties were starting to mount up.562 men were killed in just one week during may 68 to add to the mounting casualties of thousands. The United States needed 33000 conscripts by 1965 to replace the dead and those who had finished their tour of craft. This generated a stool of opposition from men who did non want to fight resulting in the many draft burning protests that took place. Drafting cause large amounts of resentment between the social classes as white middle class men could easily be cleared, whilst s ocial minorities were drafted.The poor morale of American troops and of veterans fueled the anti-war movement leading to two big protests in capital of the United States in 1967 and 1971 and a record amount of desertions, some 503,000 in 1966 alone. The American tactics being used and Guerrilla warfare move both American troops morale and that of Americans back home. The use of Napalm alone was strongly opposed and added to the destruction of rainforests and spraying of chemicals caused massive opposition to the tactics being used to put on the war.Americans thought the war, which at the time was costing them $20 billion year, was weakening an already fragile and weak miserliness, and at the time the Pre perspectivent Lynden Johnson had promised that he was going invigorate the sparing and make it stronger. Johnson had also promised better health care, better housing, a better transport system and reducing the social divisions between Americans. The war took valuable funding and resources from these projects, resulting in more people showing their opposition to the war.The Black Civil Rights protests greatly backed up the anti-war movement, as they believed that mostly ethnic minorities were being drafted into the armed forces. Some of the higher officers were racially abusing some of the black soldiers, which caused lots of resentment between black and white soldiers in the American army. The black civil regenerates movement acted alongside the anti-war movement rather than being a orchestrate return of the war, whereas the other reasons to why there was an anti-war movement are direct courses of the war, because they only came about during the Vietnam War.The sources A-F, do not explain all the reasons to why there was and anti-war movement, but they do help us to understand a fewer of the reasons why such a strong anti-war movement took place during the Vietnam Conflict. There was an anti-war movement due to the unrestricted role of the media which showed many disturbing awaits of the Vietnam Conflict, including both dead and dieing civilians and soldiers, horrific injuries such as napalm burns and destroying buildings.Sources B, C and E help us to understand the role of the media during the conflict. Source B is a famous flick that shows children running fol minusculeed by American soldiers and imparticular a naked girl running and screaming with severe, distressing napalm burns. This is a very distressing picture, which received extensive media coverage. This picture changed many peoples views on the war, mainly to anti-war, but what the image doesnt show us is that the US gave her medical treatment which she recovered from, and she is still alive today.The image does show the public how bad the war was though and the ineffectiveness of American tactics and the lack of care shown by the American military not to hit civilians. turn Whybro In Source C the writer, Richard Hamer, regularises us about a scenario where a US patrol is attacked by a mortar on a pass between paddy fields containing Vietnamese civilians. Hamer describes the decision that many American soldiers must have faced when in Vietnam, whether the civilians attacked the patrol and whether to kill all of them or none of them.He violates the readers an insight into what it must be like to be an American soldier in Vietnam to everyone back in America. This shows how bad being a soldier was and to parents or close ones back in America of soldiers would have made them want the war to stop and to bring their sons home, heightening the anti-war movement. Hamer goes on to give the horrific details of the tactics used by the US during the war. He does not however inform us of the types of horrific tactics that the Vietcong Guerillas used, such as the horrific booby traps they set for American patrols, which is biased against the war.The American tactics were dammed by much of the world as they were deemed as harsh this was brought about by the media. The Americans used chemicals to destroy rainforests around the Ho Chi Minh trail and villages like Napalm and Agent Orange, which still has an effect on the Vietnam life today Each new generation still suffers from the chemicals used in the military campaigns by the Americans during Vietnam. Source E is an oral statement by Robin Day a BBC referee who says that TV has changed American views on war more than anything else, to be more anti-war and anti-militarist.Day says now people all over the world can watch conflicts on television, whether in the future a democracy which has uninhibited television coverage in every home will ever be able to fight a war again, as the full brutality of war will be there in close-up and in colour. Day also says, gillyflower looks very red on the colour television screen. This source does not tell us anything about the war itself, or about the anti-war movement in America, but just how technology such as colour TVs have changed the war, and the views of the war by ordinary people.Source A is a written source from the book Four Hours in My Lai by Michael Bilton which attempts to explain why the United States suffered such high casualties throughout the war. Most soldiers were more likely to die in the first few months of their tour of duty than at any other point, because the soldiers were inexperienced and usually did not get on well with the platoons they were put into, which lowered morale. A lot of the new recruits were rather stupid, because of the need for replacement troops the army overlooked the poor I.Q. scores of many men when they were conscripted. A lot of the new conscripts werent that clever as the men available for conscription in Universities could get out of it with studying by studying a degree. This source doesnt explain the anti-war movement it just helps us to understand the effects of the tour of duty and the high casualty rate. The source is biased however as not everybody in the army scored a poor I. Q. and died within the first months of the year.In the late 60s early 70s President Lynden Johnson promised the American people he would make the American economy stronger. He said he was going to make a bulky Society and he had a vision to feed and shelter the homeless to go forth more education and better medical care. This didnt occur on as large a scale as was planned Adam Whybro as consequence of the Vietnam War, which upset a lot of lower class people. Source D is a cartoon published in the British magazine Punch in 1967, which represents the American economy at the time.The US economy is represented as a steam locomotive, and in the smoke coming from the funnel of the train it says Vietnam, as well as the cartoon indicating that Vietnam is destroying the US economy and all the resources are going to waste, it also represents due to the carriages being broken up which read Great Society to fuel the train, that the dream of the Great Society will never happen as th e resources that were meant for it are being used to fuel the US economy for the war in Vietnam.The cartoon shows a lot of angry people, which represents some of the American people at the time, who must have thought President Johnson was craft to them and that services wouldnt get better. What the cartoon represents would have angered many Americans, especially the lower classes resulting in them supporting the anti-war movements, as they wanted funding putting back into improving their quality of life as had been promised.The cartoon does not show however how the war in Vietnam provided millions of jobs in arms factories and in the armed forces etc.to low paid or the unemployed which did boost the economy and reduce unemployment.The book We Were Soldiers Once and Young by Hal Moore and Joseph Galloway gives a good indication of the tactics used by the American military early in the Vietnam War. It gives an eye witness account of the helicopters tactics used, the air support, and the napalm attacks used by the American military. It also highlights why the Americans casualty lists were so high, as before Hal Moore went into battle in the Ia Drang Valley some of his trained men were taken away as their tour of duty had finished.During the battle a reporter takes pictures of the horrors of the battle, and at the end of the battle a helicopter full of reporters arrives to take pictures and interviews etc. The source gives a real life example of sources A and C which both contributed to the anti-war movement. The source is slightly biased as it was written by two Americans who were there and could have therefore changed slight details to put the Americans in a better light. Although the Sources do tell us a lot about the why the anti-war movement began they do not tell us everything.They do not tell us about the black civil rights movement which was happening at the time which acted along side the anti-war protests, because they thought that a lot of black peopl e were being discriminated in the army and Johnsons promise which would have benefited many black Americans. The Sources do not tell us about the numerous student protests, especially the Kent-State-Protest in May 1970 where 4 students were killed by the national guard causing the start of 400 more protests. The sources dont highlight the number of cultural changes during the war, which sparked up.Many blacks werent granted places in universities and so it was harder for them to escape conscription. Therefore in 1967, 30 percent of black men who were the right age for the conscription were conscripted, whereas only 19 percent of whites were. There were many black protests and questions towards the government from black people included comments like why should we fight a war that we dont believe in? and why are we fighting for a country that refuses to give us basic human rights? Black opponents of the war were quick to point out that the Vietcong never called us nigger Also in 196 7, Martin Luther King, the better known of black civil rights campaigners, Adam Whybro spoke out against the war. A year later, King was assassinated by a white opponent of civil rights and there were hundreds of race riots all over the country. The sources are quite sufficient but they do not cover all explanations to why there was an anti-war movement in the US during the late 1960s and early 1970s.The best sources in my view are the picture of the Napalm Girl and source C, as both these two sources show us the violent tactics the American armed forces used in Vietnam and with the disregard for human lives they were used. The two sources persuaded a lot of people to go against the war and join the anti-war movement. I feel it was because both are media items which was the main factor in there being such a large anti-war movement in America.

Helicopter Toy Parts and Material Analysis

Helicopter Toy Parts and Material AnalysisT sufficient of Contents1. Introduction2. Selection serve of Suitable Materials3. Potential Failure of Product4. Sustainable Engineering Aspects of Selected Materials5. Practical bodilys evaluationHelicopter BaseHeli PipeHelicopter CaseHelicopter rotor6. Conclusion7. References1. IntroductionNow-a-days all over the world workout of technology has been increased more than demands. In all aspects technology is surrounded us. Such use of technology comes from the concept of automation. To automate the chat system in the air helicopter connects the era to a new technological world. Helicopter has do the communication easier than before. It is used even the security purpose recently.Helicopter mainly is used in the defense sector of a country. But today at both university is taking advanced step to do research on helicopter. Helicopter toy is used to do aero self-propelling research in university laboratories. Drone is the modish recent research of helicopter.e genuinelything should be automated that is the motive of people of every sphere. Complexity of parts extract increases with the demands of them. To select the appropriate parts for a harvesting implementation one is to take so many risks and hazards. It is not easy to choose quality harvests to be implemented. Quality product selection process enhances complete process of the product implementation. New research demands new types of parts to buy for latest technology. Latest technology expands the way to do research more in the advanced aim.2. Selection Process of Suitable MaterialsBefore running a project or product we need to select appropriate materials that are obtainable and appropriate for our design and design implementation. Some points need to be remembered before buying parts such as costs, availability, acceptability, material properties, environment friendly or not, stressing capability and so forth Depending on these properties product is designed and shows performance. The best the quality of material the best the performance of the product. Performance evaluation completely depends on these properties.For conniving a helicopter the following parts are needed for basic functioning. Such as body, blade, blade shaft, fans, case, rotor, heli base, heli pipe etc. These parts are made of aluminum, plastic, carbon fiber, fiber glass etc. All the parts are available at stores. All the parts are bought separately from the near able and reliable stores and then assembled. After complete assembling a helicopter gets ready. After doing that rotating parts are set. The machine code need to be embed and make the helicopter ready to fly. Maximum helicopter runs with remote control. If it happens then a remote control need to be bought with higher performance and radiocommunication frequency quality. If the remote control efficiency degrades then helicopter will not be operated from remote distance.Remote control insures some area enter on the board. The left portion controls the collective control and right side button controls the cyclic controls. It overly contains throttle stick, direction stick, left and right trims buttons etc.3. Potential Failure of ProductSome critical moments rises after buying the materials. The parts do not show their performances perfectly according to their specifications. Like, for helicopter, a rotor does not rotate according to the code embedded. This occurs because of the temperature or other natural effects. If any product says it is 100% efficient it shows 80-90% efficiency in reality. Some dispute happens each time. Calculations should be done considering these unavoidable issues.Potential misery contains the admixture fatigue and creep and their effects. When fatigue occur the metal get weakened and metal stress capability is lessened. Frequent loading and unloading cause fatigue to the metal properties. Fatigue depends on some other natural criteria such as tem perature, humidity and metal stress. The stress tolerance capability of metal indicates the longevity. High stress tolerance let the metals to be lasted for more time. Steadiness of materials provides services to the essential products.Another effect of failure or damage is creep of metal. Creep stands for deformation. Deformation of particles inside the metal depicts in the microscopic view.4. Sustainable Engineering Aspects of Selected MaterialsAt the time of choosing materials for design engineering value should be added to this design. Engineering term increases the value of products. Engineering terms introduce a product with technical aspects. Every materials/parts should be technically evaluated. Technical evaluation makes the product acceptance to all. If a product meets the technical specification perfectly then the product is favorable for use. Technical specification depicts the product life cycle at once. Having higher product development life cycle lasting for long ti mes.Sustainability aspects of engineering contain four types of aspects. These are very suitable for a design a product and its implementation. These areDevelopment process aspect defines sustainability of a process of product development at initial level. It considers the usage not only of natural but also financial resources.Maintenance process aspect defines the sustainability of product during its upkeep time. It occurs until the new system replacement.System production aspect is the sustainability of product as a real product.System usage aspect is the sustainability in the application level of a product as a real life product.5. Practical materials evaluationHelicopter BaseFor better performance of helicopter base material should be strong and stress free. Corrosion is a real enemy of any metal substance. Base should be designed like a helicopter can land easily and comfortably. For this design magnesium and aluminum has been selected. The total substance of the heli base is a mixture of magnesium and Aluminum. Where the percentage of Aluminum is 2.38% and Magnesium is 97.62% in the aspect of weight. The table showing the percentage of Aluminum and Magnesium is given belowHeli Base Material ListHeli PipeHeli pipe is very important portion of helicopter development. It stands with the heli rotor. It helps rotor to head for the hills smoothly and swiftly.Helicopter CaseHelicopter case is for carrying the helicopter equipment together. All the equipment can be settled here. The case may be made of aluminum, fiber, plastic or steel.Table for case of helicopterHelicopter RotorHeli rotor is the part that rotates and helps the helicopter to move upward. It rotates horizontally. It depends on the aerodynamic effects. The rotor consists of spider, blade, slider, pitch control rod, mast, damper, scissors assy, extension rod etc. The rotor moves not only horizontally but also vertically. It functions with the decentralized force to move. Using this feature it m ove left, right, up and down direction.From the above table it is clear a comparison has been done with Nr = 3 and Nr = 4. mainstay 2 stands for Nr3 and column 3 stands for Nr 4. Column 3 S0 value is less than column 4 where, W value upto Fmax is greater than column 4.6. ConclusionAs helicopter is used frequently in the university researches its parts should be used more carefully. Doped materials can be harmful for product performance and evaluation. Aero dynamic calculation should be done very carefully with technical evaluation because if there is an unwanted occurrence from nature the product will face failure permanently. This should be in mind.7. ReferencesBudiyono, T. Sudyanto, H. Lesmana (2008), First Principle Approach to Modeling of Small Scale HelicopterJ. Gordon Leishman, Second Publish (2006), Principles of Helicopter AerodynamicsAl-Oqla, F.M. and Dweiri, F.(2006), Material selection using analytical hierarchy process, International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, vol.26, no.4, pp.182-189Ashby, M.F. and Johnson, K.(2010), Materials and Design The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product Design, second edition, Butterworth-HeinemannAshby, M.F.(2005), Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, MRS Bulletin, vol.30, no.12, pp.994-997Ashby, M.F. and Cebon, D.(1993), Materials selection in mechanical design, Journal of Physics, vol.3, no.C7, pp.C7-1- C7-9Bijker, W.E.(1997), Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology PressBoks, C. and Diehl, J.C.(2006), Integration of sustainability in regular courses experiences in industrial design engineering, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.14, no.9-11, pp.932-939Lemaitre, J. and Desmorat, R.(2005), Engineering Damage Mechanics Ductile, Creep, Fatigue and Brittle Failures, Springer-Verlag Berlin HeidelbergMiller, W.S., Bottema, J., Zhuang, L., Smet. P.D. and Haszler, A.(2000), Recent development in aluminum alloys for t he automotive industry, Materials Science and Engineering A, vol.280, no.1, pp.37-49Gareth D. Padfield, 2008, Helicopter Flight Dynamics, Page 75Alastair Cooke, Eric Fitzpatrick, 2009, Helicopter Test and Evaluation, page 268www.cis.cornell.edu/ics/compsust-org/compsust12/papers/24.pdf1 Page

Hospitality Industry Questions and Answers

Hospitality Industry Questions and outcomesIntroductionWhat is Hospitality? wad serving you popcorn when you entered a cinema, concierge in a five star hotel and the m habitum tour guide have the common? They argon all work in servicing which is on a lower floor the signaling of hospitality manufacturing. Do you know that hospitality diligence is the amplest industry through verboten the creative activity? It is the main source of income for majority countries. Hospitality is not just somewhat a simple servicing, precisely it involves in showing respect for ones lymph nodes, tolerate for their holds and wants, and treating each other as equals. Hospitality industry involved hotels, casinos, and resorts which provide comfort and a sort of guidance to guests. The term hospital, hospice and forceel atomic number 18 deriving from hospitality and these brasss protect more than of the connotation of personal c atomic number 18. It refers to a types of governing where pr ovide shelter and foods for raft which is in essential or away from their home. Hospitality was founded by Bob Luitweiler in year 1949 and this establishment atomic number 18 responsible in setting up a building, provide secure, pleasant place for a temporary stay, cleaning and maintaining premises. Now days, clients expectation is high. Quality is perhaps the nigh variable feature in hospitality industry.Answer for Question 1Hospitality, a contemporaneous human ex modification, which is voluntary entered into, and designed to intensify the mutual sound being of the parties concerned through the provision of accommodation, and / or food, and / or drink.Hospitality industry had a wide scope. According to the historians, the development of hospitality industry had been traced in a thousand of years and many cultures. A professional hospitality industry must unceasingly keep updating according to the leads and wants of the societies. succeeder in the hotel industry atomic num ber 18 unceasingly relies on catering to the needs of the targeted clientele. Besides, providing a wide variety of run and pleasantness desirable atmosphere leave always drive the hospitality industry into a large, multi faceted and diverse industry. The main component in hospitality industry is all about dealing with customers and lead to the satisfaction of the customers in every assistance provided since the yore days.Hospitality industry has begun since 3000 B.C ago. The field of hospitality encompassing travel, touristry, restaurants, and recreation. There are some advantages and disadvantages for every short letter and staff. This happen same to hospitality industry. For your knowledge, hospitality industry is a very wide scope it mainly concentrated in two largest establishments throughout the world. theoretical account for these two establishments is stated in the figure belowLodgingWhat is lodging? It means the lodging segment of the hospitality industry example bid hotels, inns, motels, resorts, chalet, and others more. In summary, lodging means any establishment which provides a bed for a fee or embrace of rent and a reasonable allowance for utilities and use appliances and furniture. Basically a lodging establishment always include elements of entertainment, personal services, recreation and food service for wayfarer. Majority of lodging facilities in the world escape from tiny bed and breakfasts meal to the latest development, megaresorts. Niches between these ultimate include commercial hotels, city center hotels, resort hotels, suburban hotels, highways hotels/motels, airport hotels, economy properties, meeting centers, all suite hotels, and casino hotels.Essence of a successful set of trading operations means the successful in exchange products or services for value. In a set of business, its a chain of supply with take. Luxury hotels are selling their suite and other kind of facilities in the hotel to the guests which provide th eir demand. hand over and demand is the point where profits earn in a business. Product and services in a service industry like lodging, is a holistic concept. It consist of tangibles like hotel type and physical amenities and intangibilities like services provided by the lodging staff. Customer wants and needs are always changing and varied. As customer are becoming increasingly demanding, hotels must be designed and created to be more responsive and effective in order to fulfill disparate travelers needs and wants.AdvantagesIn 21st century, people have a necessity in staying at some city or town for an extended terminus of time. When a people are away from home, lodging is the only accommodation for them to have a stay. Many people are worried about how practically they are going to spend for the accommodation. As a matter of fact, staying in a hotel got a couple of benefits. Privilege of day services such(prenominal) like room cleaning and laundry really put away the stress of the guests in doing the laundry them egotism after a tiring functional day. leisure time places like gymnastic room or swimming pool are other attractions for customer to choosing in staying in a hotel. Since price is the first precedency to the customer, hotel must be always updated to the latest promotions and events from the competitors.Furthermore, localization played an important role in advantages in lodging. There are two types of location of a hotel which is more preferred by peoples. First of all is conference hotel which is located in a city or a conference area of a country. These hotels normally targeted more on businessman. The location of the hotel enables them to travel to the work place or meeting center easily. Secondly are vocational locations. Hotels which is located salutary a beautiful view example like beach resort or a hotel located in a tourism area are nearlyly targeted on family. These hotels are free from the peak working hour in a busy city, free from noise and air pollution is always the selection of a family vacation. Environment is other factor out of advantages in lodging. Example like a hotel located on a beautiful waterfront enable the guest to enjoy the mesmerizing views from their room. It is an indeed to stay at one of these hotels for stressful or a busy businessman. Do you know that other than the view of a lodging, customers demand for quality entertainment too? Good entertainment example like a luxury pub, sea diving or even a luxury swimming pool pass on attracts more guests with stress release and entertainment seeker demand.DisadvantagesLarge hotels with thousands of rooms, modern leisure facilities and wide choice of dine options are always the advantages in lodging. But, this also causes disadvantages to the lodging. A waiting line in reception area always send away be seen in large lodging. A large hotel requires good management. A failure management go out just slow down the running process in a hot el daily. We dissimulation predict whether the guest will have a late check out and this causes the incoming guest to have a wait before they piece of tail check into their room.Secondly, a large hotel sometimes will face the problem of insufficient staffs. In a luxury dining, due to the staff are insufficient, they are always run off their feet by the number of guests. Unfortunately, guests will be kept waiting when they need something while the staffs are busying in handling another guest. Example like you ask for a menu, you might be able to be waiting for the menus to be brought to you until your stomach start rumbling. sustenance serviceFood service is a large industry which deals with all the preparations of food outside the home. Example like establishing a restaurant, catering a wedding party, and running a cafeteria are all forms of food service. Normally these restaurants lay institutional food service in business, colleges, hospitals and remedial faculties.A bunches amo unt of goods and services fall under the coverage of food service, example like establishment which transport food and equipment related to kitchen, silverware and so forth. Job opportunities had been wider up due to human energy is needed in this set of industry. Restaurateurs, waiters, dietitians and chefs are some example of worker needed in food service industry. nigh people in this industry are sent for training so that they are qualified to work in this industry. High class luxury dining needs talent and qualified people to work in it. Colleges now days are offering hospitality courses.In year 2008, there were 546,300 privately owned food service and boozing places around the United Sates. 47 percent of these establishment primarily serve patrons who order and pay before eating while 39 percent of establishment offer full service restaurant being served well and after consume their delicious cuisine only make a payment. Another 9 percent had been comp uprised by drinking pla ces and special food service like caterers had comprised about 5 percent of all establishments in this industry. Food service have got be defined as worlds most widespread and familiar industry.AdvantagesIn food service industry, human energy is needed in a epic amount. From the chef, assistant chef until waiter got quite a many positions. Here is where the job opportunities once again wider up. The requirements for these positions example like a cleaner in a dining or waiters do not need high education levels. People with a diploma or degree on hand can hold the position of a manager in a department. As there is getting more and more lodging and dining is developing, it is quite an opportunities for youngers out there to get a bright future for themselves through hardworking.Besides, food industry targeted people which are looking for foods when they are starving. This is why choosing a catch up with location will be the final judges on how well the set of business will go. A r estaurant which located in a down town of course will grab some customers from the busy working life in the city. First its easy to find, save up the customer time, and even some time rusher people can just have a take away meal closelipped a restaurant near his / her company.In this passing competitive hospitality industry, a well and professional clever staff is essential to the key of success of any food service establishment. Besides, technology influences the food services industry in many ways by enhancing efficiency and productivity. Order are being taken down by electronic devices, patron seating are all contributing in an efficient fast servingDisadvantagesYes it is an advantage when the job opportunities are getting wider and a student which is just graduated will be easier to get a job in hospitality industry. But, a new staff with just a piece of diploma or degree and without any working experience will eventually affect the efficiency of service in any establishment. Some time in on the job training will be needed again before these new employees are able to handle the tasks and responsibilities in a restaurant.Besides, location of a restaurant in down town is a good starting point in successful service industry. But, do you know it is very expensive for the rental for the shop which is located in down town? Shop lots in down town got throttle quantities too, and competitors are many out there.Another factor which leads to disadvantages in food service industry is about the working hour. Works in the food industry are always grueling and demanding. Working hours are often long and irregular and dealing with varied and complex situation. Besides, people also must highly attune to the need of customer satisfaction. However, wages are heavily based on the tips from customers, and employees may have a limited access to the benefits and protections from the government such as minimum wage laws.ConclusionIn hospitality industry, good service is th e top priority and is the primary focus in order to achieve customer satisfaction. Working in hospitality industry must always keep this in mind, Customers do not buy service delivery but they buy experiences they do not buy service quality but they buy memories they do not buy foods and drinks but the buy meal experiences they do not buy event or functions but they buy occasions. In hospitality industry, we are the dreamers of dreams. We are required to make the guest to feel that the host being hospitable through feelings of generosity which is a desire to please and a genuine regard for the guest as an individual. Remember, hospitality industries are always an honorable profession and we are the industry which mostly deals with customers needs and wants.Question 2Find out the factors that impact travel and tourism. Explain in gunpointIntroductionTravel and tourism is mainly for recreation, leisure or business purposes. Tourism is very important to the hospitality industry as it is the main support of the revenue in lodging. Tourism refers to the activities of persons travelling to and staying in a place outside for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purpose. Therefore, these people are considered to be tourists on a visit that is temporary and short term. These nerves include restaurants, hotels, motels and resorts. There are two types of tourism which is domestic tourism and outbound tourism. Domestic tourism refers to people which take holidays or a few days trip in their own country. Example like a family is visit to another part of the country. Outbound tourism refers to people which travel away from home and visit to another country for leisure or business purpose. However, no matter what type of travel it is, these people will always ended up in staying in lodging. This is where the revenue of the hospitality industry started.Answer for Question 2Travel and tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Touris ts are generally classified in statistics according to the term and purpose of their journey. Day trippers refers to tourists which is away from home just for a day and dont need any accommodation. Visitors which need an accommodation can be classified by their length of stay, such as one night or more. These visitors may be classified as to whether they are touring for business or leisure purposes. People travel for leisure is because they are living in a feverous life style, they are seeking for a relaxation which is away from a busying life, and they need a rest and prestige. There are a few factors which affecting travel and tourism.Growing LeisureLeisure can be defined as the opposite meaning of idleness. People now days are busying in working, keeping themselves in a busy and hectic life style. But, as the world is neither changing, nor the policies in any organization is changing too. Most of the companies out there had been generous in providing their employees paid holida ys and even some large organization are providing a three day weekends. A more flexible arrangements has been added into peoples leisure time, and eventually, these liberal company policies had enable the employees to go for a vacation or travel to give themselves a break.IncomeIn the 21st century, most of the women are working in order to maintain their family income. What does it mean by maintain the family income? It is more on referring if one spouse loses a job, that wont causes elimination of all the family income. Besides, due to the education which is though is school or college, women had more motives in working outside. They seek for challenges, they seek for work which is professional and excitement and another reason why women choose to work after join is they want to give a more comfortable and satisfying life to her family. Everyone works in maintaining a comfortable life style. Of course, when you are busy in working, especially for a marriage person, after a tiring working day, they might still need to take care of their children at home in the night and some dramaturgy works still need to be done. Eventually, leisure time for our own will be immolated. So, if there is a time for them to get away from this hectic life style, it is not surprising when they spend their money on the goods and services they demanded. Time will be a bounty for them. They wont bother about the price for their travel, because it is not easy for them to get a rest in such pressure and hectic life style, good and quality travelling will always be their wise choice.Push and Pull FactorsThe travelling motives for people tend to categorize as escaping from and / or escaping to a particular destination. Push factor brings up the meaning of a person who travel to a place due to his / her response in what is missing. Pull factors brings up the meaning of attractiveness of a places and attract the people to visit to it. Push and pull factor can be classifies into nine motiv es to travel which seven of those are socio psychological or know as push motives the other two are defined as cultural or pull motives. Push motives are escapism, relaxation, retrogression, social inter action, self exploration and prestige while pull motives are innovation and education. There is also two main type of push and pull factors which is personal and interpersonal. interpersonal is a result of social interaction. Personal rewards are self determination, sense of competence or challenge.Technology changeTechnological changes within tourism included several different factors from medical advances to the innovative tourism. Better communication, transport like cruise ships and safety have emboldened new customers which demand easier, quicker and cheaper service, this demand can only be fulfill by the help of technology. Besides, new transportation also got an advance in time management. Shorter and efficient time check is just needed for a person to travel from a coun try to another side of the planet. Furthermore, through technological advances, online booking has been one of the biggest factors in affecting travel and tourism. Users are enabling to check for travelling packages from tour agencies websites and direct purchase it by just a few clicks at home without need to go to the agencies. With the association and sponsored from different tour agencies and organizations, MATTA FAIR had been organized. MATTA FAIR is an open human race fair which offer supreme packages which can be afford by economical income family. Development in technology had leads more and more people are getting to travelling around the world rather than remain at their own country and stick in the hectic daily schedule.DemographicThe topic middle aging of America which is a significant demographic change had proved that middle age generally indicated to higher income and a greater propensity to travel. The group of people with age around 35 to 44 is most likely to stay in accommodations or a longer outstation trip, whether is for leisure or business purpose.Another significant demographic development for tourism is about the growing of the mature market which mean group of people with age over 55. This group of people got their mortgages paid and a large similarity of them have a nest egg of savings and retirement benefits to withdrawn. This had enabled these groups of people to travel around the world and enjoy for the rest for their life. This people with age 55 65 years old as the first baby boomers which move into their mature years will be very excited and active in seeking a whole new experience which is deal with the travel and leisure moment in their life after being retired. And this is the reason they are able to have a long period vacation. Another group of aging people which is over the age of 85 normally suggest an refinement in assisted living facilities.Safety SecuritySafety and security have been identified as one of the glob al forces that would drive the tourism industry in a new millennium. Things that tourisms worried when they are staying in a hotel at any destination are all about the same which is fill outRapingLarcenyRobberyFire within premisesProtecting the lives of guests and workers, property and assets of the business from criminal actions includes security checks on existing design and technology. Lighting of the public and external areas, building access, key control, security of guestroom doors, and guarding of the property must be always keep updated and check by the maintenance department. All the employees should be trained to know about all the appropriate security procedures when there is an emergency happened example like a fire situation.If the safety and security in a lodging establishment is good and well management, eventually guests which stay at the first time will get good impression from it and eventually will recognize it to their friends when they back to their country.Conc lusionTravel and tourism is important to the hospitality industry. The most common reason why people go for travel is leisure, and sometimes followed by business. An attractive environment appeals to tourists, whether is natural or built, and the development of the industry in a locality will relate to the surrounding area. People are travelling by car more than any other means. Travel by air had been increase over the last 10 years. But, the fares begin to rise and this causes people taught that travelling is expensive. This is why some people just ignore travelling and keep themselves in busy working. Communications between air lines and tourism industry should make an agreement in order to bring up the tourism industry. Rising of fares will never give any help in bringing the tourism industry to a new millennium.

Cadbury Business Analysis

Cadbury Business AnalysisCadbury, a brand thoroughly known and loved by millions around the man, had a actually humble beginning. It began with the gap of a grocers crap in Ball Street, Birmingham in the year 1824 by John Cadbury. This grew to become the most recognisable brands in the world. In most move of the world just the word Cadbury symbolises coffee bean. John who as a young Quaker was against alcohol sold tea, coffee, cocoa and drinking chocolate at his shop at the beginning, later he started producing cocoa and chocolate. After few years his brother Benjamin joined and later they got a Warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria. Later when John Cadbury retired his sons Richard and George took over the company. They thought the company could not survive in the dirty conditions of the city and were egger to move it tabu of Birmingham, they setup a grinder 4 miles from the city and had a concept in mind which was factory in garden, to provide hy gienic working purlieu for their employees, the factory had opened in the year 1879. The Cadbury brothers had named it Bournville. at that place was a rapid increase in the work force of the company by late mid-eighties and the factory was expanded.The first ever Cadbury chocolate bar was launched in the year 1897 and their famous brand Cadburys Dairy milk began in the year 1905. By the curio of the 1930s Cadbury had become the 24th largest manufacturing firm in the Britain. The Cadbury brothers believed that all human beings should live in peace and should be treated properly, which lead to the building of ho characters, schools and some(prenominal) other things for the community for which the Bournville Village Trust was set up George Cadbury. Then in the year 1969 the Cadbury brand merged with Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes, after this merger on that point was no owner from the Cadbury family till date. In the year 2008 Cadbury and Schweppes were demerged separating it s confectionary and drinks caper. Recently on February 2, 2010, Cadbury became map of Kraft Foods, the American giant in confectionery, food, and beverage. Source (http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8467489.stm, http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8411696.stm).2. Micro EnvironmentSWOT Analysis2.1 SWOTA SWOT analysis allows managers to focus clearly on the meaningful strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) in the firms internal environment and opportunities (O) and threats coming from outside the firm, the external environment. A SWOT analysis enables a firm to develop strategies that make use of what the firm does best in seizing opportunities for growth while at the same time avoiding external threats that might hurt the firms sales agreements and profits. So below I break done I SWOT analysis of Cadbury (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes, Mitchell Marketing Real people, Real decisions, First European Edition Page 66).StrengthsCadbury is worlds top most chocolate supplier which has in ternationalistic reputation.Cadbury is well know and easily identifiable brand among.Cadbury is well known force in merchandising and distri bution strategies that is one of the reasons for it being the world leaders of chocolate indus campaign.Users argon assured about the qualities of the brand.The strength of Cadbury lies in Dairy milk. Which is the most sold chocolate in IndiCadbury has adjusted itself to all the tailor-made around the world according to the market.Cadbury is a leader in innovation and has established brand name, and has strong competence in manufacturing.Cadbury has a advantage as it has understanding of consumer in the segment of chocolate, candy and chewing gum.With 9.9% of global market share Cadbury is the largest confectionery in the world.WeaknessesThe competitors of Cadbury e.g. Nestlehave a actually assorted crossroad portfolio, where as it only depend on the confectionery and beverage market, where as its competitors can use profits from other area s of the business.Cadbury doesnt have great international experience same its other competitors it has traditionally been strong in United domain Europe only. New to America, it possibly lacks the understanding of the new emerging markets compared to competitors.Threats widely distributed there has been an increase in motive for apostrophize environment, particularly for energy, packaging, sugar and transport. Global supply chain in low cost locations.There is hawkish pressure from other brands in the market, nationally and globally. Over aggressive promotion and price activity by its competitors there is a possible price state of war in all developed markets.Social concerns, rise in obesity and consumers obsession with calorie count. Nutritional and healthier lifestyles is very much affecting demand for core products of Cadbury.OpportunitiesThe opportunities lie in new markets, i.e. developing countries and emerging markets analogous China, Russia, India and other Asian cou ntries where populations are growing, the wealth of consumer is increasing and there is a postgraduate demand for confectionery products.The market of confectionery in high spiritsly characterized by a degree of acquisition and merger activity in recent past. There are opportunities to increase the share through specific acquisitions.The main key for survival in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) market is increasing efficiency and cost reduction. Cadburys arouse in Growthand cost efficiency of programmes seeks to bring considerable cost savings by, Moving production to countries with low costs, where the raw materials required and labour cost is cheaper, reduce internal costs and use supply chain efficiently, global out sourcing and procurement, and wise investment in Research Development.Innovation is the most in-chief(postnominal) and key driver in any kind of market. To respond to variety in consumer preferences and tastes like healthier snacks with low calories needs to be developed. There should be more(prenominal) of sugar-free products in the Cadburys premium indulgence treats like its center filled chewing gum varieties. There is a high demand for low-fat, natural and primitive confectionery.2.2 Porters Five Forces AnalysisSupplier Power The Cadbury Company has got many contracted suppliers that are able to support their on-going production operations. There is an existing competition in the market, for the raw materials such as nuts or special ingredients but still it is sufficient enough to satisfy their production requirements. Cadbury has maintained a very good relationship with their supplier which is considered as a very good an advantage.Barriers to Entry Cadbury is already very popularly and widely known, it can easily soak up the trust of the countries. The only and the main hindrance that might affect the production of the Cadbury is to find a good positioning and gather the necessary requirements for the smooth entry and runnin g of the factory and the unlike policy and laws that might affect the operation.Power of Buyer The demands for chocolates have gone voltaic pile because of the existence of health conscious. The price of the product is no longer subjected on the demand of the people but is now subjected to the increasing number of competitors in the market that offers the similar type of products at a much lower cost might be the cause of the customer loyalty alteration.Rivalries There are many competitors in the business who are planning to take over the supremacy of the company that has been kept for years. The difference in the choice of the customers depends on their taste and preferences. And in the recent past, companies like Nestle in this market are continuously developing their new products or innovating new ideas making it harder to compete.Threats for Substitutes There is not much of a threat which comes from other competitors, because of the well established brand name in the market c reated by the company. Through their huge level of equity, the brand name of Cadbury is transformed into three different classes that makes more effectiveness in the market.3 .Macro Environment PEST AnalysisPolitical The Company has a strong advantage as it is very senior in confectionery business. With this advantage the company to manage to adjust in every country around the globe. Another advantage is the seniority of the management which enables the new foreign country to also welcome the companys existence in their market because of its good competence in the market.Economic Without any doubt Cadbury is making a huge contribution in United Kingdom as well as in the economies of the other foreign countries where it operates. The number of sweet lovers around the world is very high which frames from all sections of the society, the company has label to its name as the best choice available in the market for sweet loving consumers around the world. The stinting downturn is anoth er contradicting factor that is affecting all confectionery companies.Social People have sweets after every meal so the impact of this business on the society is really great. Therefore, many of the individuals can enjoy the happiness it brings inside the house. And in some other cases many people turn down the idea of eating chocolates because of many health related problems like obesity, stomach infections and dental problems i.e. cavity and gum weaknesses. When it comes to valuing of the people, Cadbury highly recognizes the rights of the workforce and has been valuing the ideas they might like to extend for their progress. Providing hygienic and excellent work conditions for its work force has been one the top most aims of the company from the beginning of the company, it can be clearly seen in the factory in garden concept of their Birmingham plant which opened in the late 19th century.Technology Cadbury has always been a company who recognises the traditional crafting of choc olates, but also knows the importance of technology in the line of production and in the industry. From the production line, Cadbury has incorporated into various types of machinery that make their production to be a very cost-effective procedure.4. Cadburys Marketing MixProduct A product is a good, service, an idea or a place- whatever is offered for sale in exchange. The product aspect of selling also includes the packaging, physical features, design and any other associated services. So we know that a product is a many different elements put together for the victor of the product (Solomon, et al Marketing Real people, Real decisions, First European Edition Page 37). In case of Cadbury there are a lean of products from chocolate bars, cakes and biscuits, drinks, ice-cream and boxes, bags and tins of chocolates. To be more specific in the chocolate bars they provide from their classics like Dairy Milk, Bournville to the new products like Crunchie, Twirl, Wispa, Twisted, Flake, B oost, Chomp, Double Decker and one of its modish products launched in the year 2010 called the Silk. There product is mainly targeted towards the young population of the market. Source (http//cadbury.co.uk/ourproducts/today/Pages/jsversion.aspx)Price Price is amount the consumer must give to gather in an offering. Price is utilize as a way to increase consumers interest in a particular product, for example to put an item on sale (Solomon, et al Marketing Real people, Real decisions, First European Edition Page 37). Cadbury offers a range of chocolate bars and other products from the price range on 55p to 3. During Christmas it has special range of gift pack items which are available in packs of 18, 21.50, 35 and 50. Whereas the competitors in market have lower rates but Cadburys customers are assured of its quality. Source (http//www.sainsburys.co.uk/sol/index.jsp, http//cadbury.co.uk/home/Pages/home.aspx)Promotion Promotional activities include what the marketers have undertaken to inform consumers of their product and to get new customers to buy these projects. There are many promotional activities which are run by Cadbury like the 2 for 1 offer and during the holi geezerhood they special gift packages which can be used for Christmas and New Year. Its been in promotion from the early 1900s when it used to use posters by famous artist. Cadbury Dairy Milk poster campaigns used the iconic glass and half(prenominal) image to stress its high milk content. And in 50s it showed the Bournville Story in cinema halls. And during the TV age there was huge adverts with comic characters Mel Smith and dick Cook. The Cadbury Gorilla ad premiered, immediately becoming one of the most popular and critically acclaimed TV ads of recent years.Source (http//cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/ourstory/advertising/Pages/advertising.aspx)Place There is no use having a great product if the target customer cannot easily access it. This is where the place part of the marketing mix is important. Cadbury needs to find the most cost-effectivechannel of distributionto get their main products to their target customers. The nature of the product and its target audience will influence the places at which a company wishes to cope its products. As Cadburys product is low-priced, i.e. a chocolate bar and other chocolates, it uses intensive distribution by getting their product into as many retail shops and outlets as possible Source (http//www.skillsspace.co.uk/business_studies/14to16/marketing/place.asp).5. The instalmentation, Targeting and Positioning Strategy Cadburya. Segmentation Cadburys market place is comprised of many different segments of consumers, each with different wants and needs. It can be categorised into four segments i.e.Break Segment The products which are consumed as snatched break and normally consumed with tea or coffee, for instance Cadburys Time out and snack range.Impulse Segment Most of these products are just purchased on impulse, for c onsuming at the time on purchase only they include Twirl, Star Bar, Crunchie and Dairy Milk.Take office Segment These are the products which are purchased in a purchased in a super market and stored at home for later consumption, like Cocoa powderise and hot chocolate.Gift Segment Specially packed boxes of a variety of Cadbury chocolates, for the purpose of giving as a gift on occasion like Birthday, New Year or Christmas.b. Targeting Targeting is a step in which marketers evaluate the attractiveness of each potential segment and decide which of these groups they will invest resources against to try to turn them into customers (Solomon, et al Marketing Real people, Real decisions, First European Edition Page 222). .Cadbury has many targeted markets around the world. The female population makes up more than Indian population in any country. This is a large customer base for the products. The main aim for targeting the female population is that it will be in a position to influence the rest of the population to purchase the product. The female population is the largest consumer of chocolate product not only in the United Kingdom market but in other markets as well. The other targeted market is that of the kids segment which also comprises of most of the sales of chocolate in any part of the world.c. Positioning Positioning means developing marketing strategy aimed at influencing how a particular market segment perceives a good in parity to the competition (Solomon, et al Marketing Real people, Real decisions, First European Edition Page 227).6. RecommendationsCadbury should increase Marketing andpromotionglobally by marketing new and different products in emerging markets.It should focus on non-chocolate development and acquisitions by developing a new line of non-chocolate candies.Development of novelty and fortissimo markets like Gourmet Line on Internet, by developing gourmet line that is to be distributed via internet.Aggressive new product should be dev elopment like low calories, sugar free chocolates. This has to be done by researching and developing new products with joint venture.It should concentrate more on the American markets as it has high revenue in this particular industry and Cadbury doesnt have any strong roots, it is mostly dominated by Hersheys.It should also develop new products for the kids segment, which now days is a very huge market.

Proposal For Reparations Of African Americans Essay -- essays research

Proposal for Reparations of African AmericansDue to the fact that many African-Americans cannot trace their genealogyback more than three contemporariess, It would be extremely difficult to distinguishbetween those who are descended from Freemen and those descended from Slaves.Therefore, although it should have some impact on reparations, we must take intoaccount those who cannot trace their genealogy( approximately 3/4th of African-Americans). We also must remember that in essence, no African-Americans werecompletely free. Many blacks, Freeman and Slaves alike were lynched, falselyimprisoned, raped, murdered, and subject to sub-human treatment. It is almostimpossible to direct the economic hardship caused by slavery and the aftermaththat followed. To this day the African-American family still suffers from theaftermath of slavery. We see it in the form of Poverty, under-education,Discrimination, and foul on Black crime. Consider that Blacks are seriouslyunder-represented in many of our nations top fields. Less than .05 percent ofAfrican-Americans are CEOs in corporate America. Blacks are also a distinguishing characteristic inLaw, Medicine, and higher education, What follows is my estimation of thereparations needed.1st generation descendant of slave 500,000 of Freeman 350,000 2ndgeneration descendant of slave 350,000 of Freeman 225,000 3rdgeneration descendant of slave 225,000 of Freeman 180,000 4th generationdescendant of slave 180,000 of Freem...

Automobiles in Early America Essay examples -- Transportation Technolo

Automobiles in Early America The automobile changed Ameri dissolve life, provided the process was gradual. Though historians argue the date and inventor of the first automobile, we can say that Henry Fords creation of his Ford Motor Company in 1903 marked perhaps the major milestone of the early ordinal century automobile industry in America and around the world. Five long time after the companys inception, Fords legendary imitate T of 1908 would revolutionize transportation and the world economy. Before the Model T, automobiles in the US were associated with only the wealthier class. Ford sought to make cars available to every American. His cars would expunge the general build that continues to characterize automobiles today, and his innovation and system of production would make him a legend.i The automobile led to an extremely advanced system of roads and contributed to an American mentality of freedom to move.ii Early drivers saw both benefits and difficulti es as the automobile became the standard American mode of transportation. Philip Van Doren Stern, American historian and writer, describes the early years of automobiles in the US. Between 1904 and 1907, roads were unpaved and cars were not enclosed, so it was of utmost importance to wear proper attire. Clothes were made to protect against dust and rain, but these high-class riders required this new gear to be made from the best materials, like leather and fur. In the 1920s, when most cars were built completely enclosed, there was no longer a need for these elaborate outfits. During the early years of the century, drivers braved uncharted territory with their automobiles despite the rugged mechanics of the vehicles and the absence of smoot... ...fthompso/MgmtCon/Fordism_&_Postfordism.htmlvi Thompson, Fred. (most of paragraphs study comes from web site above)vii Bellis, Henry Ford and The First Mass Production of Cars The Assembly Line, About.comviii Antique Autom obile Club of America, Automotive History A chronological Historyix Weingroff, Richard F. The Federal-State Partnership at Work. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Public Roads Web site, 1996. x Weingroff, The Federal-State Partnership at Work.xi Stern, pages 154-173xii University of Houston. http//www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=454xiii Faulkner, William. The Sound and the Fury. New York time of origin Books, 1984.xiv Stern, page 23xv Antique Automobile Club of America, Automotive History The Assembly Line