The Prostitute In Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment, Notes from Undergr

The Prostitute In Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, Notes from Underground, and The Meek One The whore is an inquisitive apparatus of Victorian time writing. Underway of William Thackeray and Samuel Richardson it was nearly clichã © for the courageous woman to wind up in a place of prostitution and afterward to rise above that circumstance in a demonstration of legitimate Victorian ethics. Having seen numerous young ladies constrained by extraordinary neediness to take up the exchange of a free lady, Fyodor Dostoevsky, a petit-middle class run into some bad luck himself, adopted a somewhat unique strategy to the entire issue; he perceived that these ladies were not totally without merit as such a large number of individuals of the time thought. Georg Brandes talked precisely when he stated, Dostoevsky lectures the profound quality of the outcast, the ethical quality of the slave. Dostoevsky investigated these subjects through whore characters in a significant number of his works. The most renowned of these characters are found in Crime and Punishment, Notes from Underground , and The Meek One. Each of these presents an extraordinary way to deal with the state of whores and the issue of their reclamation. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky utilizes the character of Sonia Marmeladov, whose first name implies knowledge, not exclusively to show God's leniency toward a fallen lady however to have her reclaim both herself and Raskolnikov through God's benevolence. As in the anecdote given by Father Zosima on his passing bed in The Brothers Karamazov, Raskolnikov's underlying association with Sonia in Book I works as his tail of grain which shields him from being totally cut off from God's elegance. Similarly as the elderly person in the illustration was without merit aside from the reality she gave the bum a tail of grain, Raskolnikov needs merit after his lethal deed exce... ...uments of effortlessness. In any case, above all, he discloses to us that without our own endeavor to rise above our wicked nature we will bomb like the Underground Man or jump to our otherworldly and physical fate as the courageous woman of The Meek One did. We are all Raskolnikov, we are all Sonia. The key is to endeavor, endeavor more enthusiastically and endeavor always to arrive at the inaccessible flawlessness lost to us and inaccessible without God. Works Cited and Consulted Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Wrongdoing and Punishment. Trans. Constance Garnett. New York: Bantam, 1981. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. The Brothers Karamazov. Trans. Constance Garnett. New York: Signet Classics, 1999. Dost. Examination Station. Ed. Christiaan Stange. Vers. ? 17 July 1999 - kiosek.com/dostoevsky/quotations.html Martinsen, Deborah An., ed. Notes From Underground, The Double, and Other Stories. New York: Barnes and Noble Classics NY, 2003.

Quality Function Deployment - Carry out a QFD assessment. & Submit a Essay

Quality Function Deployment - Carry out a QFD appraisal. and Submit a finished 'Place of Quality' outline to show the outcomes - Essay Example The primary block or building square should give us some data about what our intended interest group needs. Investigating execution of our hand held battery worked drill among the intended interest group of private company administrators they offered us responses in profound expecting â€Å"Voice of the Customer† that fundamental highlights they require from a hand held drill are season of activity before it needs reviving, its weight as they need to convey it and pounding speed on the off chance that they have to penetrate into concrete. (Akao, Yoji., 1990) They were not worried about different highlights like strength, parts and administration accessibility, guarantee, cost or support so we didn't need to aggregate client wishes into littler gatherings in a method of partiality or a tree graph. In our following stage we experience Planning Matrix at the correct side of QFD house demonstrated framework. Its capacity is many-overlap as it measures the â€Å"Voice of the Custo mer† and takes into account its changes with the issues concerning the structure group. (Gibson, J., 1995) First we have to get our clients rate how significant is for them picked prerequisite that we discovered soliciting them on the went out. (Gaucher, E., Coffey R., 1993) We can accumulate this data by surveys where clients can rate how significant the component is for them on a scale from 1-5 or 1-10 or we can utilize explanatory chain of importance process by joining two highlights and asking them which one methods more to them. The subsequent technique requires somewhat more work on our side. Simultaneously when we as of now have a client ready to participate we ought to likewise inquire as to whether she/he can assess his fulfillment with our item and a few contenders items all in all and by isolated highlights. When done and factually estimated this number are reason for examination and figurings of Planned Satisfaction Rating, Improvement Factor, Sales Point, and Over all Weighting. Our clients gave us Feature Importance rating of 4.5 for capacity to work longer without energizing 2.7 for having pounding capacity and 1.8 to be light to haul around. They denoted our item with 3.6 for battery life, 1.8 for simple conveying and 3.1 for pounding capacity. Contender An and B got the accompanying imprints individually: battery life 3.2 and 2.9, simple to convey 2.9 and 3.7, and for pounding capacity 1 and 4.4. (Akao, Y., 1990) Our folks from specialized office included a segment for Planned Satisfaction Rating at 4 for battery life, 2 for simple convey and unaltered for pounding capacity. In this manner improvement factor for battery life came at 1.4, for simple to convey include at 1.2 and unaltered 1 for pounding capacity. We believed that battery life could be our next deals point so we added extra 1.5 loads to it from deals viewpoint. (Cooper, R., 1993) The third structure square gracious the â€Å"House of Quality† network comprises of spec ialized necessities perceived as the Voice of the Company. (Gibson, J., 1995, p.8) QFD group here distinguishes every quantifiable attribute of the item as they identify with client list of things to get. A line can be included here that shows whether we have to increment or decline the component as lessening to make it lighter or increment to make it last more. For our situation we noted battery life increment prerequisite and weight decline necessity while we believe that we are on target with one pounding speed. In the center area of the â€Å"House of Quality† grid we dole out various loads to connections. This is somewhat emotional and may prompt wrong

Analytical Essay Topics on the Crucible

Analytical Essay Topics on the CrucibleThere are many analytical essay topics that you can choose from, when it comes to writing an essay for college. The important thing to remember is that essay topics should relate to your current major or to a class you've taken recently. It's also helpful to keep in mind that if you're writing for college, then the topic should relate to current events. You don't want to be stuck trying to fit an essay on slavery into an essay on current events.If you're going to be writing an analytical essay, then the first step is to identify your topic. Your topic will go a long way towards determining what kind of essay you write. But before you can even begin to write an analytical essay, you need to have an idea about the topic that you'll be tackling. Just like any other field of study, there are plenty of topics to choose from.Of course, most students who are starting out tend to gravitate towards writing analytical essay topics about subjects that they 're passionate about. Writing about something that you are interested in can be a great way to get started on your career. For example, you might like to write an analytical essay about animals because you like to think about and learn about animals.For your academic paper, you may also want to consider choosing subjects that are well-known in the field you are working in. It's no fun for you to spend all summer working on an essay that you feel is not worth the time and effort you put into it. It's also not worth writing an essay that has a likely chance of getting rejected.After you've written a general overview of the topic, the next step is to write a subtopic. Your subtopic should focus on a particular topic, and should help to outline what you'd like to say about your topic. Once you've decided what you would like to write about, then you can move onto writing your analytical essay. For analytical essays, you will need to make sure that your essay focuses on something that you 're extremely passionate about. For instance, if you are writing an analytical essay about animals, then you'll want to make sure that you focus on animal behavior.This will allow you to examine the basic principles behind behavior and to investigate how different animals behave. In this way, you can come up with answers to a number of questions. Analytical essays are often about how one species responds to another. However, there are also a lot of analytical essays that touch on many different areas of behavior as well.Overall, writing analytical essay topics is all about asking questions and learning. It is a good way to learn about the different creatures in your area but also to get some insights into why certain species behave the way they do. Analytical essays can provide answers to a number of questions, including questions about which animals take place in which environments, and whether animals in one habitat are affected by animals in another habitat.

President George Washington - Fast Facts

George Washington was the only president to be unanimously elected to the presidency. He had been a hero during the American Revolution and was made the president of the Constitutional Convention. He set many precedents during his time in office that still stand to this day. He provided a blueprint of how the president should act and what role he should take. Here is a quick list of fast facts for George Washington. You can also learn more about this great man with: George Washington biographyTop 10 Things to Know About George Washington Fast Facts: George Washington Birth: February 22, 1732Death: December 14, 1799Known for: Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, Founding Father, First President of the U.S.Number of Terms Elected: 2 TermsTerm of Office: April 30, 1789-March 3, 1797Spouse: Martha Dandridge CustisNickname: Father of Our CountryFamous Quote: I walk on untrodden ground. There is scarcely any part of my conduct which may not hereafter be drawn into precedent. Additional George Washington Quotes. Did George Washington chop down a cherry tree and tell his father the truth? Answer:Â  As far as we know, no cherry trees fell victim to Washingtons rapacious ax. In fact, Washingtons biographer, Mason Weems, wrote a book called The Life of Washington shortly after his death where he created this myth as a way to show Washingtons honesty. Major Events While in Office: Elected to first term with a unanimous electoral vote (1789)First United States census (1790)District of Columbia established (1791)Bill of Rights ratified (1791)Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Jays Treaty (1795)Pinckneys Treaty (1796)Farewell Address (1796) States Entering Union While in Office: Vermont (1791)Kentucky (1792)Tennessee (1796) Related George Washington Resources: These additional resources on George Washington can provide you with further information about the president and his times. George Washington Biography: Take a more in depth look at the first president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early and military career, and events of his administration. Revolutionary War: The debate over the Revolutionary War as a true revolution will not be resolved. However, without this struggle America might still be part of the British Empire. Find out about the people, places and events that shaped the revolution. Chart of Presidents and Vice Presidents: This informative chart gives quick reference information on the Presidents, Vice-Presidents, their terms of office and their political parties. More on the Presidents of the United States: This informative chart gives quick reference information on the Presidents, Vice-Presidents, their terms of office and their political parties.

The Origins Of The Modern World - 982 Words

The Origins of the Modern World by Robert B. Marks is a book about the historical changes that have happened in the period of 1400-1850. He shows that how Asia is the center prior of the 1800s not the standard Eurocentric and it s a polycentric world in term of the world trade. In the Origins, he focuses on the economic history where geographical on China, India, and England. In the beginning of the book he starts with a summary of Rise of the West where he say the west as dynamic, forward looking, progressive, and free, and Asia as stagnating, backward, and despotic. After that he started building up or narrating the historical events in five-chapters based on an his vision of the world history, and he does it in a way that makes the reader agree with him to get the main key of the historical concept such as conjuncture. Also he takes about the most advanced societies across the Eurasian (China and England) and the two economic structures ( biological old regime and trading network s). He also takes the importance of the Indian ocean and he sees it as the most important crossroads for global exchanges of goods, ideas, and culture when Europe was a peripheral, marginal player trying desperately to gain access to the sources of wealth generated in Asia. He brings a very good evidence that pictures the traditional China s technological and Naval superiority, of the well-developed market system in Asia. Also he showed he superior quality of the Indian cottons and theShow MoreRelatedTake Home Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesDavid Zeanah Anthropology 15 Section 03 Take Home Essay Origins to Our Existence on Earth There are two theories about the origin of modern humans: 1) they began in one place, Africa—and 2) pre-modern humans migrated from Africa to become modern humans in other parts of the world. 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Structural Violence Essay - 1732 Words

Structural violence is the way in which a social structure will harm people by not providing, by limiting or by barring people from receiving basic needs. Structural violence impacts people on the bottom rung of society. People who live in poverty or are not considered being of a high social standing. This could be because of a person’s age, sex, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, or any other aspect that makes them different from the majority of the population or different from what people consider to be the norm. However, structural violence does not necessarily need the majority of the population to define it, it can manifest by a few people in the country or out making decisions for the populace. Structural violence differs from†¦show more content†¦Let’s re-examine the inner city school mentioned above. What are some assumptions about this school? It is a public school, it is in an area with lower incomes, the children and teachers who populate this school are mostly of a singular race or ethnicity, the education they receive may be less than sufficient, the majority of the children will not go on to higher education, it would take too many resources to fix a school in this area. What are some assumptions about a school in the suburbs? It may be public, the surrounding area is mostly middle class families, the teachers and children who populate the school are mostly of a singular race, the education is sufficient or above the current standard, the majority of children will go on to higher education, it is worth the effort to put resources into enhancing the school. This is an example of structural violence. One group is treated differently from another and as a result has a more difficult life. The children in the inner city school will have a harder time throughout their lives because of this violence. 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Ready Mix Concrete Essay Example For Students

Ready Mix Concrete Essay ASSIGNMENT CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY READY MIX CONCRETE SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: PROF. SACHIN JAIN SONABH DHARIWAL VARUN GOEL INTRODUCTION: Ready-mix concrete is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a worksite, by truck mounted transit mixers. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. The first ready-mix factory was built in the 1930s, but the industry did not begin to expand significantly until the 1960s, and it has continued to grow since then. Ready-mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of the precision of the mixture and reduced worksite confusion. However, using a pre-determined concrete mixture reduces flexibility, both in the supply chain and in the actual components of the concrete. Ready Mixed Concrete, or RMC as it is popularly called, refers to concrete that is specifically manufactured for delivery to the customers construction site in a freshly mixed and plastic or unhardened state. Concrete itself is a mixture of Portland cement, water and aggregates comprising sand and gravel or crushed stone. In traditional work sites, each of these materials is procured separately and mixed in specified proportions at site to make concrete. Ready Mixed Concrete is bought and sold by volume usually expressed in cubic meters. RMC can be custom-made to suit different applications. Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled operations and transported and placed at site using sophisticated equipment and methods. Concrete’s natural color is gray. Its favored uses are utilitarian. Its very ubiquity causes it to blend into the background. But ready-mix concrete does have one remarkable characteristic: other than manufactured ice, perhaps no other manufacturing industry faces greater transport barriers. The transportation problem arises because ready-mix concrete both has a low value-to-weight ratio and is highly perishable—it absolutely must be discharged from the truck before it hardens. These transportation barriers mean ready-mixed concrete must be produced near its customers. For the same reason, foreign trade in ready-mixed concrete is essentially nonexistent. This article is an introduction to the basics of the market for ready-mix concrete, focusing mainly on its consumers and its producers in the United States, but with occasional comparisons to other countries when contrasts are useful. INDUSTRY HISTORY AND BACKGROUND: Ready-mixed concrete’s ubiquitous use as a building material is largely because of two advantages. It is cheap. It also allows great diversity in design and function, because in its fluid form, it can be poured into molds of any shape. Concrete’s weakness, quite literally, is that while it is reasonably strong when bearing compressive (pushing) loads, it is an order of magnitude weaker in its ability to bear tensile (pulling) forces. Concrete was regularly used as a building material throughout the twentieth century, but when the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association was founded in 1930, only a handful of ready-mixed plants operated in the United States. The standard practice at the time was for construction firms to mix their own concrete at the job site using bagged cement and aggregates the contractors purchased themselves. (This practice remains common in developing countries. ) However, with the wartime industrial and government building during the 1940s and the housing and highways building boom that followed, demand for ready-mixed rose sufficiently to take advantage of the scale economies of specialized offsite concrete mixers. By 1958, the first year in which the industry was considered a separate four-digit manufacturing industry in the Standard Industrial Classification system, there were 3,657 ready-mixed concrete plants. Since that time, the industry has continued to grow, albeit with occasional recessionary setbacks. Over the past 30 years, the industry has been shifting from one dominated by single-plant firms to one where multi-plant operations are becoming increasingly common. In 1958, about 3,100 firms owned the 3,657 ready-mixed plants. By 2002, the number of industry plants had increased to 5,570, but the number of industry firms had fallen below 2,600 (U. S. Census, 1963 and 2006a). This consolidation is reflected in the industry concentration measures seen in Table 1. In 1958, the largest four firms in the industry accounted for only 4 percent of output, and the largest 50 firms a mere 21 percent. The analogous values for 2002 were respectively 11 and 42 percent, still low compared to most manufacturing industries, but substantially higher than earlier values. However, these national concentration measures understate concentration within individual geographic markets, which because of the high transportation costs of concrete, better reflects the competitive environment industry producer’s face. A TYPICAL READY-MIXED CONCRETE PLANT: The manufacturing process for ready-mixed concrete can be crudely analogized to making mud pies, except a typical batch of â€Å"batter† weighs 20-40 tons and the output is delivered to customers in $150,000 vehicles. The plants where these pies are made are typically Spartan affairs, even as manufacturing facilities go. They include facilities for handling raw materials, usually including steel cement silos (cement must be protected from moisture in the air, lest it harden prematurely), open piles of aggregate (sand, gravel and rock) sorted by size, a pay loader and conveyor system for moving aggregate, and a water source. There is also often a structure with limited office space and rooms that house controls for the batcher—the equipment that weighs and feeds the various ingredients into the mixing bin. The bin sits n an elevated structure to allow drivers to pull the mixer trucks, which are the other key pieces of capital equipment found at ready-mixed plants, underneath for loading. Numbers from the 2002 Census of Manufactures, the latest for which comprehensive data are available, offer a sense of the economic scale of a typical ready-mixed plant. The average value of raw materials inventory on hand at a plant was $81,000. The average book value of its capital stock (both structures and e quipment) was $2. million, and mean annual sales were $3. 9 million. This typical plant had 18 employees, 14 of whom were considered production workers (which include truck drivers). FIRM STRUCTURE: Construction industry was benefited by Ready-mix Concrete right from its inception during the late 40’s. This technology has since then grown in a big way in Europe and USA, consuming more than 60% of the cement produced. In the coming years, Ready-mix Concrete industry in India is likely to consume more than 5% of the cement produced. Despite the industry’s move toward consolidation, hundreds of ready-mixed firms are still single-plant operations. In 1997, the most recent year for which such data were available, these producers accounted for 44 percent of industry plants and 80 percent of its firms. Ready-mixed concrete plants, whether in single-plant firms or not, are usually highly specialized. Plants in the industry fabricate few precast concrete products; despite similarities in precast concrete’s production process and that the ultimate buyers in the construction industry are often the same. Well over 90 percent of ready-mixed plant revenues come from ready-mixed sales, meaning single-plant firms in the industry derive the vast majority of their revenues from their primary product. Plants making prefabricated concrete products are similarly specialized in those products, with less than 10 percent of their revenues accounted for by ready-mixed sales (U. S. Census Bureau, 2006b). Multi-plant firms with ready-mixed concrete operations tend to be more diversified, but their diversification comes through owning plants in other industries. These can be prefabricated concrete operations, cement plants, or sand and gravel mines. In 1997, about half of the ready-mixed plants that were owned by multi-unit firms were owned by firms that also operated plants in other industries besides ready-mixed concrete. Thus, diversification among larger firms is not universal, since the other half of plants in multi-unit firms are owned by businesses that are ready-mixed specialists. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: The basic process for making ready-mixed concrete has not changed for the past 60 years: dry raw materials are measured, loaded into a bin, mixed, placed into a truck, and water is added (sometimes the order of the last two steps is interchanged). The modest technological advances that have occurred in the industry have come in five areas. The first change is automated batching systems. Batching—the process of weighing and mixing the raw materials before they are loaded on the truck—was once a manual operation. An operator would mechanically control the hopper gates that regulated the flow of raw materials into the central mixing bin, weighing each component while proceeding, often by eye on an analog scale. Automated batching systems, where an operator inputs the â€Å"recipe† for a ready-mixed batch into an electronic control system that handles the weighing and mixing operations automatically, began diffusing through the industry during the late 1970s and early 1980s. A second change is the substantial increase in the capacity of concrete trucks. A 1953 standards publication described certified mixing trucks ranging in capacities from 2. 5 to 7. 5 cubic years (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, 1953), with standard capacities at the time being 3. 0 to 4. 0 cubic yards. Today, the typical truck capacity is 10 cubic yards, with some able to carry as many as 12. However, because a cubic yard of concrete weighs approximately two tons, the gross weight of a fully-loaded 12-yard truck could be upwards of 38 tons. This comes close to states’ legal limits, which are uniformly 40 tons (some allow overages with a special permit, but most do not have exceptions when the cargo is divisible like concrete). A third change is a continuing expansion in the variety of chemical admixtures that can be added to a concrete batch to affect its properties in useful ways. For example, admixtures can affect workability (how easily the concrete can be formed into shapes), curing times, color, porosity, and other attributes. This flexibility in the physical attributes of the final product has increased the range of uses of ready-mixed concrete. A fourth change involves improvements in logistical coordination gained through the move toward centralized delivery dispatch. Ready-mixed concrete producers are not just manufacturers, they are logisticians: they deliver, typically on short notice, a perishable product to time-sensitive buyers in multiple locations. Owning several plants in a local area and coordinating their deliveries through a central office offers potential productivity gains by consolidating overhead (one dispatcher handles deliveries from several plants that would each have their own dispatcher in single-unit firms) and allowing more efficient use of available resources through cross-plant substitution of production and deliveries. Hortacsu and Syverson (2007) find evidence of these productivity gains among ready-mixed plants whose owning firms are vertically integrated into cement. Non production workers account for a lower fraction of employment at these plants, consistent with a reduction in overhead labor from moving to central dispatch. Firms’ plant location choices also reflect attempts to harness such efficiency benefits. For example Lafarge (2005), an integrated cement and concrete producer, states in its 2004 20-F filing that, â€Å"We aim to place our ready mix concrete plants in clusters in each micro market in which we operate in order to optimize our delivery flexibility, capacity and backup capability. 3 While Hortacsu and Syverson look specifically at vertically integrated firms, the findings suggest that the logistical efficiencies do not rely on vertical structure per se. What appears instead to be important is the total size of the firm’s ready-mixed operation in the local market. That is, while plants in vertically integrated firms are more productive on average than unintegrated plants in the same market, they do not have signi ficantly different total factor productivity levels than plants in unintegrated firms with similar local concrete sales. Coordination and its possible efficiency gains are therefore not exclusive to vertically integrated firms, but rather are available to any firm with the necessary scale (and the operational ability to manage such operations). A final technological advance affected the concrete industry, although it actually occurred for the most part outside of the industry. Concrete pumps are used to place concrete on a job site by pumping it through tubes suspended from a boom. These concrete pumps are typically owned and operated by construction contractors or specialty firms, rather than by the ready-mixed producer. Pumps allow virtually uninterrupted placement of concrete and make it easy to change the location where concrete is poured. (The alternative process is to load bucket after bucket with wet concrete, move the buckets one load at a time into place with a crane, and pour the contents into the mold. ) Certain admixtures mentioned earlier increase the flow ability of wet concrete, improving pumping performance. Pumping is limited in practical terms only by the power of the pumps, which can be quite large. The 92-floor Trump Tower in Chicago, for instance, is being built with the help of a 680-horsepower concrete pump able to lift 3,000 pounds 1,000 feet in one minute (Sleets and Klaxton, 2006). ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: Ready-mixed concrete plants can emit both waterborne and airborne pollutants. The former include spilled oil or fuel, as well as fine and coarse particles of aggregates and cement, which can be inherently detrimental as well as raise the alkalinity of runoff water to toxic levels. Airborne emission concerns primarily involve dust from the concrete mixing process itself or from trucks driving on unpaved portions of plants. Plants typically monitor potential pollutants and control them as required. Runoff water is often captured in settling ponds that allow solids to be separated before the water is either discharged or recycled. Dust is controlled by hooding mixing facilities and either paving or occasionally spraying-down unpaved areas of the plant. THE NATURE OF DEMAND: This section discusses factors that influence ready-mixed concrete demand: who the customers are, how one might define a market within the industry, the nature of the product, and its common substitutes. Ties to Local Construction The ready-mixed industry’s fortunes are closely tied to the level of activity in the construction sector. The sector buys the vast majority of ready-mixed output: 94 percent, according to the 2002 Benchmark Input-Output Tables. Bureau of Labor Statistics annual employment data over 1973 to 2005 show a simple correlation of 0. between the employment growth rates of the ready-mixed concrete industry and the construction sector. The combination of the industry’s high transport costs and its reliance on the construction sector imply that the ready-mixed â€Å"market† is not a singular, nationwide unit, but instead a collection of quasi-independent local geographic markets. Data from the 2002 Commodity Flow Survey indicate that the average s hipment distance for the detailed product category of which ready-mixed comprises the majority of shipments (â€Å"no refractory mortars and concretes†) is only 32 miles. By way of comparison, the average distance for all commodities is 546 miles. The basic demand conditions faced by ready-mixed producers in any given local market therefore depend on how robust construction activity is in that same market, not elsewhere. Moreover, this variation in market demand is likely to be exogenous to the nature of competition among local ready-mixed concrete plants. This is because construction projects require intermediate materials from a wide array of industries, making the cost share of ready-mixed small. Looking at the 2002 Benchmark Input-Output Tables again, ready-mixed concrete accounted for only 3 percent of the construction sector’s intermediate materials costs. Therefore a shock to the competitiveness of the local ready-mixed industry (that lowers average concrete prices, say) is unlikely to cause a construction boom. Causation thus travels from construction demand to concrete competitiveness, not in the reverse direction. Relationship Capital Ready-mixed concrete is physically quite homogenous. While concrete can be differentiated along some dimensions (like compressive strength or cure ime) by varying the cement-to-water ratio or including chemical admixtures, these differentiations are minor in scope relative to those seen within many manufacturing industries (automobiles or household audio and video equipment, for instance). Moreover, the differentiation in attributes of concrete output across plants is likely to be smaller still. Because of transport constraints, ev ery plant typically produces the entire spectrum of ready-mixed concrete varieties, rather than some plants specializing in certain types of concrete and others in different types. Space Exploration EssayThe capacity of the silo may range from 50-500 tonnes. Cement/ Fly-ash is pumped into the silo for refilling. The typical picture of a central mixer is shown in Fig-2 3 MATERIAL STORAGE YARD: Fig-5 A material storage is used for storing coarse aggregates(20mm, 10mm, 5mm), fine aggregates(river sand, crusher sand). Generally this is an open yard having separations for each materials. Wooden planks steel plates are used as separating material. A layer of PCC is poured at the base to prevent material wastage as well as mixing of undesirable materials from the soil. It is also elevated to prevent the ground water from mixing. The size of the storage yard should be sufficient to fulfill the requirement as per the batching plant capacity. Sometimes the storage yard may be a closed yard from which the materials may be transported through a belt conveyor to ensure better quality. The material should be properly laid in the yard so that it ensures easy flow of material from the yard to the auto weight through the gates. A loader is generally placed near the storage yard for the re-arrangement of materials. The typical picture of a central mixer is shown in Fig-6 CENTRAL MIXER : pic] Fig-6 A central mixer is one of the main component of a batching plant. Its function is to mix the materials properly to prepare the proper grade of concrete. The capacity ranges from . 5-3 m3 per batch. After mixing, it discharges the concrete into the transit mixer. The mixing time for concrete may range from 30-60 seconds per batch. There are blades inside the mixer fo r proper mixing of te concrete. The typical picture of a central mixer is shown in Fig-5 The aggregates are put in the mixer by the auto weight. The water and the admixture is pumped into the mixer by means of pipes connected to the mixer. There is also another pipe connected with the mixer from which the pumped cement comes in the end for mixing. Type of mixers: †¢ Single shaft mixer †¢ Twin shaft mixer. †¢ Vertical mixer. AUTO WEIGHT: Fig-7 An auto weight is used for weighing the materials. The gates are connected with the auto weight from which the material is flown into. The auto weight is connected with the central mixer in which it places the material. OPERATING UNIT: Fig-8 The operating unit is used to drag the materials near the gate by a drag-line. A boom is there which moves over the materials and the unit is generally a human operated system. AUTO GATES: Fig -9 MOISTURE CONTROLLER: Fig-10 ADMIXTURES: Fig-11 WATER PUMPING SYSTEM: Fig-12 CONTROL PANEL Control panel controls all the parts of RMC plant. It increases the workability of the plant. It is situated at the control panel room which monitors all the functions. It increases the accuracy of the concrete mix which in turn shows in the strength. Moisture content can also be controlled by the control panel. Different mode of mechanical transportation of concrete is †¢ Transit Mixer †¢ Concrete pump and pipeline. †¢ Tower crane †¢ Ropeways or cableways †¢ Belt conveyors TRANSIT MIXER: pic] Fig-13 Fig-14 Ready-mixed concrete, by far the most common form of concrete, accounts for nearly three-fourths of all concrete. Ready mixed refers to concrete that is batched for delivery from a central plant instead of being mixed on the job site. Each batch of ready-mixed concrete is tailor-made according to the specifics of the contractor and is delivere d to the contractor in a plastic condition, usually in the cylindrical trucks often known as cement mixers. As early as 1909, concrete was delivered by a horse-drawn mixer that used paddles turned by the carts wheels to mix concrete en route to the jobsite. In 1916, Stephen Stepanian of Columbus, Ohio, developed a self-discharging motorized transit mixer that was the predecessor of the modern ready-mixed concrete truck. Development of improved ready-mixed trucks was hindered by the poor quality of motor trucks in the 1920s. During the 1940s, the availability of heavier trucks and better engines allowed mixing drum capacities to increase, which in turn allowed ready-mixed concrete producers to meet the high demand for concrete that developed as a result of World War. In case of RMC industries since the demand is spread over a larger geographical area, transit mixers are invariably used for transportation of concrete. Transit mixers are truck mounted drum mixers in which concrete is kept agitated by the continuous rotation of the mixer drum. The transit mixer needs to have a water tank. Speed of rotation of mixer will depend on whether it carries ‘central mixed’ or ‘Transit mixed’ concrete. Function of Transit mixer varies from a mixer in case of transit mix concrete to an agitator in case of central mixed concrete. Depending on function, speed of the drum varies from 2 to 6 rpm for ‘Central mixed’ concrete to 4 to 16 rpm in case of ‘Transit mixed concrete’. Maximum no. of rotation is usually limited to 300. In RMC industry, fleet of transit mixer form a major portion of capital investment. For balancing a capital of 60 to 80m? /day of concrete production, at least 4 transit mixers are required. Generally the time of transit after addition of water is limited to 60-80 minutes. In India transit mixers are being extensively used by project sites having batching plants for concrete production. Manufacture of transit mixers in India is licensed. Mixers of 2. 5 to 7. 0 cum capacity are now available on order. An important consideration is the matching of payload of 3. 0 to 4. 0 cum of concrete i. e. 10 tonnes including the weight of the mixer with a standard chassis of trucks available. While a 10 tonner chassis is common, anything above this calls for change in axial load, traffic restrictions and huge price differential. The annual production capacity is around 50. A concrete pump can be advantageously used in conjunction with RMC. Deployment of a concrete pump would however mean an additional investment of at least Rs. 0 lakhs. The RMC plant in charge should be conversant with operations research techniques for optimum utilization of transit mixers. Fig 15 RMC PLANT TRANSIT MIXER CYCLE CONCRETE PUMP PIPE LINE Fig 16 A concrete pump is a tool for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two main classifications of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck. It is known as a truck-mou nted boom pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to place concrete with pinpoint accuracy. Boom pumps are used on most of the larger construction projects as they are capable of pumping at very high volumes and because of the labor saving nature of the robotic arm. The second main type of concrete pump is mounted on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a trailer pump or line pump. This pump requires steel or rubber concrete placing hoses to be manually attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are linked together and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Trailer pumps normally pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller volume concrete placing applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and single family home concrete slabs. There are also skid-mounted and rail mounted concrete pumps, but these are uncommon and only used on specialized jobsites such as mines and tunnels. TOWER CRANE Fig 17 A crane is a lifting machine, generally equipped with a winder (also called a wire rope drum), wire ropes or chains and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. BELT CONVEYORS Fig 18 A belt conveyor consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material the conveyor belt that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores. The belt consists of one or more layers of material they can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential. Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as elevator belts, are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks. Conveyor technology is also used in conveyor transport such as moving sidewalks or escalators, as well as on many manufacturing assembly lines. Stores often have conveyor belts at the check-out counter to move shopping items. Ski areas also use conveyor belts to transport skiers up the hill. A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets. TESTING LABORATORY One of the main features of RMC is uniform and assured quality of concrete. Also the mix is to be designed to produce concrete of desired properties. This calls for the RMC plant to have full fledged concrete testing laboratory of its own. The testing laboratory should have the following equipment. 1. Concrete cube testing machine 2. Apparatus for sieve analysis 3. Moulds for casting standard cubes 4. Table vibrator 5. Tank for curing cubes 6. Vicat`s apparatus 7. Slump cone 8. Weigh balance All necessary tests to ascertain the properties of ingredients are conducted in the laboratory. Various grades of concrete mixes are designed by usual mix design procedure. For each consignment, concrete cubes are made and tested to keep a a check on quality of concrete produced. This will also fulfill the mandatory requirement of concrete testing as laid down by the municipal bodies. NEW METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF RMC A new method for the recycle of sludge generated at ready-mixed concrete plant has been reported at present. This method is able to apply sludge water by adding a retarder for mixing water, without the amendment of mix proportion of concrete due to the use of sludge water, within 3% of sludge content by cement weight since ready mixed concrete made by this method was applied for a building construction. The growth of RMC is predominantly driven by demand from the metro cities. In cities like Mumbai, the mandatory use of RMC is in construction of flyovers provided the requisite impetus to growth, according to an ICRA analysis. RMC is particularly useful when the building activity is located in congested sites where little space is available for siting the mixer and for stock piling of aggregates. The use of RMC is also advantageous when only small quantities of concrete are required or when concrete is to be placed only at intervals. Even as the concept of ready-mix concrete (RMC) is still catching up in the country, cement majors are keenly focusing on entering the new area in a big way. Anticipating huge potential for the product, cement majors, including Associated Cement Companies, Grasim, LT, India Cements, Priyadarshini Cements, Chettinad Cement and Madras Cements, are foraying into the RMC business and the share of RMC is expected to go up from present levels of around 5 per cent of the total cement production to the global average of 70 per cent, according to industry players. The teething troubles has been overcome by the RMC Industry and at present there are over 37 RMC plants delivering over one lakh cubic metres of mixed concrete every month. RMC plants are working in Delhi area also. Envisaging higher demand, the 16. 4-million tonne cement major, ACC is planning to beef up its existing RMC infrastructure of 11 units with two new RMC units one at Noida and the other in Mumbai, during the current year. During the last fiscal, Madras Cements set up two RMC plants near Chennai, with a capacity of approximately 9 lakh cubic metres, while Chettinad Cements installed an RMC facility near Coimbatore. Grasims RMC business accounted for a turnover of Rs 116 crore during 2003-04, against a turnover of Rs 59. 8 crore during the previous year. For growth of the industry, government bodies, private builders, architects/engineers, contractors, and individuals required to be made fully aware about the advantages of using ready mix concrete, government bodies/consultants needs to include ready mix concrete as mandatory in their pecification for execution, government specifications for CPWD and PWD jobs should include Ready mix concrete as a mandatory item. Apart form this tax breaks are required for the growth of RMC and developers/contractors needs to be discouraged from piling up materials likemetal, sand etc. on roads/foot paths. metal, sand etc. on roads/foot paths. CONCLUSION: The concept of RMC is catching up in the country and the demand for this is increasing day by day. Anticipating this huge demand for the product many construction majors are entering in to the RMC business. So the growth rate is expected to rise from the current rate. Still then the product needs more improvement which requires more research and development. Now a days more compact and efficient RMC plants are introduced by various companies which will ensure more productivity and economy which will help in fulfilling the present market demand. ADMIXTURES WATER READY MIX CONCRETE 10 MM AND 20MM CRUSHED METAL CRUSHED/ RIVER SAND FLY ASH SILO CEMENT SILOS